2016年托福考试阅读句子简化题指导
新托福考试采用真实场景，如模拟大学校园中的动态和交互式环境，试题综合考查听、说、读、写4项英语语言能力，考生可充分展示使用英语进行交流的能力。以下是小编带来的2016年托福考试阅读句子简化题指导，希望对你有帮助。
句子简化题(Sentence Simplification Question)
(1) 句子简化题简介和提问方式: 参见OG第28页
(2) 句子简化的两个层面: 语义和逻辑
(3) 常见的逻辑关系转换----四大 “明显”/ “隐含” 关系
(4)句子简化题解题步骤
1)寻找给定句子中的逻辑关系：因果\比较\最高级\否定.
2)确定与逻辑相关的语义：原因和结果，作用对象，最简化原则
3)验证选项，选择与题干逻辑和相关语义均一致的选项，先验证逻辑(由主到次)再验证逻辑.
Ø否定
n明显否定关系的`特色词汇: no, not, none, never, neither, deny
n隐含否定关系的特色词汇: fail to, absent from, lack, lack of, refuse, few, little, 否定词缀less.
Ø因果
n明显因果关系的特色词汇: because, because of, since, for, as, due to, owing to, in that, so, so that, as a result, therefore, there by, hence, consequently, accordingly.
n隐含因果关系的特色词汇:
a. 表示导致含义: lead to, cause, result, result in, give rise to, render, produce, make, 使役动词, support, support, stimulate, spur, spark, fuel, motivate, prompt.
b. 由……而来: come from, result from, originate, derive from, initiate from, stem from, be attibutable to, be responsive to.
c. 反映,体现: reflect, present, suggest, show, imply, demonstrate.
d. 考虑到…, 依赖…: give, considering, on account of, in view of, thanks to, according to, rely on, depend on, resort to.
e. 条件关系: if, when, while, as, as soon as, as long as, 虚拟条件句.
f. 粉刺短语\不定式\独立主格作状语
Ø比较
n明显比较关系的特色词汇: 同级比较\比较级
n隐含比较关系的特色词汇:
a. “变化”: change, vary, alter, modify, revise, increase, decrease, crect, destroy, develop, improve, progress, advance, grow, degenerate, continue, remain, stay, stable, still.
b. “差异”: same, different.
c. “超越”: surpass, exceed, transcend, excel.
Ø最高级\绝对化
n明显最高级/绝对化关系的特色词汇: -est/ 比较级
n隐含最高级\绝对化关系的特色词汇:
a. 自身含有最高级含义: maximum, minimum, outstanding, extreme.
b. 否定加比较: nothing can better than that
c. 程度较深的词: surprisingly, amazingly, prohibitively(修饰价格的high)
The Civil War
Involvement in a war is painful to any nation. No nations wants to sent it’s young people to fight and die. It is even worse when the war is fought within the country, but worst of all is when a country finds itself divided, and people of the same nation fight each other. In America’s history, the most painful period is surely the Civil War.
The civil war was fought for many complex reasons. Probably the most important was the issue of slavery. The Southern states, dependent on slaves for producing cotton, wanted to continue the practice of slavery while the industrialized Northern states wanted to abolish it. The issue of “States’ Right”, the right of individual states to make laws without interference from the national government, was also very divisive. There were even basic cutural differences which caused friction between Notherners and Southerners. (1) All of these factors led to a war between the North and South which would be the bloodiest in the nation’s history.
Both sides suffered terribly in the war. Families were torn apart as fathers, sons, and brothers chose different sides. Hundreds of thousands of young men died on both sides. The city of Atlanta was burned to the ground. Foutune were ruined and the economy of the Southern states was wrecked. (2) The people on both sides suffered, and that suffering was worse because it was inflicted by people who had been their countrymen, and even their brothers. Shortly after the war, a bitter Southerner assassinated the beloved president Abraham Lincoln.
After four bloody, terrible years, the North won the war and the country was re-united. The slaves were freed and the nation set about rebuilding. Historians will always argue whether or not the Civil War could have been avoided. And what it’s long term benefits have been. (3) there can be no argument, however, that the Civil War was the most painful period in American’s history.
Question 1:
Which of the sentences below best express the essential information in the highlighted sentence 1 in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
(A) There are many reasons for the war in which more people died than any other war.
(B) During the war, there are more casualties in the south and north than in the east and west.
(C) The only one reason contributed to the war which is the worst in the world history.
(D) Many people died because of lack of blood transfusion which led to a war.
Question 2:
Which of the sentences below best express the essential information in the highlighted sentence 2 in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
(A) If the war had not been with their brothers, there would have been no pain.
(B) If the war had not taken place in the countryside, there would have been less pain.
(C) If the war had been with other nations, the results would have been worse.
(D) If the war had not been with the same race, the pain would have been much less.
Question 3:
Which of the sentences below best express the essential information in the highlighted sentence 3 in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
(A) Discussing the matter is worthless to everybody.
(B) The vast majority of people accept the statement of fact.
(C) It is impossible to hold a diffierent opinion.
(D) It is illegal to hold a different opinion.
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