接种疫苗是预防和控制传染病最经济、有效的公共卫生干预措施，对于家庭来说也是减少成员疾病发生、减少医疗费用的有效手段。
关于疫苗事件的英语作文范文一：
Science and Technology Combating addiction
科技 打击吸毒
Can a vaccine stop drug abuse?
是否有种疫苗能对付毒品滥用?
It may be possible to vaccinate people against addictive drugs
向吸毒者接种疫苗防止毒瘾将成为可能
THE idea of vaccinating drug addicts against their affliction is an intriguing one.
如何消除吸毒者的毒瘾折磨，是个有挑战性的命题。
In principle, it should not be too hard.
从理论上来讲，这并不难。
The immune system works, in part, by making antibodies that are specific to particular sorts of hostile molecule.
只要让免疫系统，产生某种针对这种恶性分子的抗体便可。
Such antibodies recognise and attach themselves to these molecules, rendering them harmless.
这种抗体能识别并紧紧附在毒品分子上，尽可能消灭它们。
Vaccines work by presenting the immune system with novel targets, so that it can learn to react to them if it comes across them again.
疫苗让免疫系统有了明确的对付目标，系统便能在下次遇到该种病毒时有所反应，将其及时消灭
The problem is that the molecules antibodies recognise and react to are the big ones, such as proteins, that are characteristic of bacteria, viruses and other infectious agents.
问题是，抗体能够识别出较大的分子，比如以蛋白质形式表现出来的，像细菌，病毒，或者别的感染物质。
Small molecules, such as drugs, go unnoticed.
较小的分子，比如毒品，却不能识别出来。
But not for much longer, if Kim Janda of the Scripps Research Institute in San Diego has his way.
不久后这一情况会有所改变，圣地亚哥克里斯普研究所的Kim Janda谈到。
In a paper just published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society, Dr Janda and his colleagues suggest how a vaccine against methamphetamine, a popular street drug, might be made.
近期出版的美国化学学会杂志中，一篇文章提到，Janda博士及他的同事们发现，一种对抗常见毒品甲基苯丙胺的疫苗有望实现。
If their method works, it would open the possibility of vaccinating people against other drugs, too.
以此类推，对抗其他毒品的疫苗也将可能到来。
The idea of a methamphetamine vaccine is not new.
研制对抗甲基苯丙胺的疫苗设想已不是新话题了。
The problem is getting the immune system to pay attention to a molecule that is such a small target.
关键在于免疫系统能“发现”这样小的目标。
The way that has been tried in the past is to build the vaccine from several components.
过去的日子里很多方法都已试验，并从不同角度研发疫苗。
First, there is a large carrier protein that forms a platform for the target.
首先，需要一个蛋白质载体作为平台，让免疫系统能发现毒品分子。
Then there is the target itself, a set of smaller molecules called haptens that are attached to the carrier. These may either be the drug in question or some analogue of it that, for one reason or another, is to have a better chance of training the immune system.
有了目标后，将会有一系列被称作半抗原的分子将会聚集在这些病毒载体上，这些病毒或者类似的分子，无论怎样，有助于提高免疫系统的识别能力。
Finally, there is a chemical cocktail called an adjuvant that helps get the immune system to pay attention to the carrier protein and the haptens.
最后，一种叫佐剂的化学物质，推动免疫系统识别蛋白质载体和半抗原
Dr Janda noticed that past experiments on methamphetamine vaccines had all revolved around tweaking either the carrier protein or the adjuvant, rather than tinkering with the haptens.
Janda博士根据过去针对甲基苯丙胺疫苗的实验发现，该疫苗更多时候是反复出现于蛋白质载体或者佐剂附近，却并非是半抗原的补充作用。
He thought he might be able to change that, on the basis of work he had carried out previously, trying to design a vaccine against nicotine. In particular, nicotine is a highly flexible molecule.
他认为他可以设法改变这一现状。就目前的研发成果的基础上，他正在研发某种对抗尼古丁的疫苗。
That makes it hard for the immune system to recognise.
尤其是，尼古丁是一种较灵活的分子，使免疫系统更加难以识别。
To overcome this, his team on the nicotine project had to work out how to fix their haptens to the carrier protein in a way that rendered them less capable of twisting and turning, and thus made them easier for the immune system to identify.
为克服这一困难， Janda博士的团队已经研究出如何令半抗原附在蛋白质载体上，并让其活动稳定一些。如此，免疫系统便能更好的识别出病毒。
In the new study, Dr Janda and his colleagues report that they have performed a similar trick with methamphetamine haptens.
Janda博士和他的同事们最新研究表示，他们已成功应对甲基苯丙胺半抗原，
They used computer models to visualise the haptens in three dimensions and thus work out how the molecules could be rearranged such that they could not spring, twist or turn when being examined by the immune system.
他们利用电脑模拟视图显示三种形式的半抗原，并证明免疫系统检查人体时，分子可被重新排列并不在复发。
In light of this information they designed six new methamphetamine-like haptens.
据此，他们设计了六种全新的似甲基苯丙胺半抗原。
Once built, they attached the new hapten molecules to carrier proteins, mixed them with adjuvant, injected the results into mice and waited.
之后，他们把这些新的半抗原分子和着佐剂附在蛋白质载体上，并试验于白鼠。
After several weeks they tested the mice to see if the animal's?? blood contained antibodies to methamphetamine.
几周后，他们测试了这些白鼠，看它们血液内是否含有对抗甲基苯丙胺的抗体。
Of the six new haptens, three successfully provoked the mice to make such antibodies.
在这六种半抗原中，有三种成功：小白鼠体内有了抗体。
As a bonus, one of those three also stimulated the production of antibodies against another widely used drug, amphetamine.
在三只中白鼠的一只，其抗体将会被广泛运用，生产对抗另一种药物安非他明的抗体。
That is still a long way from providing a working vaccine, but it is an important step forward.
尽管前路漫漫，但此举终是重要一步。
And if human immune systems react in the same way to the new vaccines as murine ones do, the day when a drug addict might be offered vaccination rather than opprobrium will have come a little closer.
若是人体免疫系统能像小老鼠那样接受疫苗的话，用疫苗解决毒瘾将指日可待。
关于疫苗事件的英语作文范文二：
Malaria,Not swatted yet.
消灭疟疾任重道远。
A new vaccine is one step towards a distant goal.
一种新疫苗让人类离消灭疟疾更近了一步。
MAN has vanquished only one disease, smallpox. In 2007 Bill Gates set out to eradicate another, malaria. The World Health Organisation (WHO) was soon rallying its troops to the cause and a flood of money followed. $612m went to research in 2009 alone. This week the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation trumpeted another announcement: results from a phase III trial (the more extensive process of testing drugs in people) of a malaria vaccine called RTS,S. This is the world's most advanced vaccine for malaria and the results, published in the New England Journal of Medicine, were encouraging.
到目前为止人类只消灭了天花这一种疾病。2007年，比尔?盖茨宣布开始着手消灭另一种疾病即疟疾。世界卫生组织迅速召集队伍致力于这项事业，并在随后投入大量资金，2009年仅在研究上就投入了6.12亿美元。本周，"比尔和梅琳达?盖茨基金会"发表了另一个声明，内容是世界上对抗疟疾最先进的疫苗RTS，S的第三试验阶段(在人群中广泛使用药物并测量反应)的结果，发表于《新英格兰医学杂志》上的结果振奋人心。
It is an important step in combating a disease that still kills more than 700,000 people a year and debilitates millions more. But it is also a reminder of how much work remains to be done.
每年因疟疾致死的人有700000人，致残的有 数百万人，这个试验结果是战胜这一疾病的重大进步。但是它也提醒人们还有多少任务尚未完成。
Mr Gates is only malaria's latest adversary. The parasite has plagued man for millennia. Chinese texts from 2700BC describe plants to treat its fevers. More recently, in 1955, the WHO embarked on its first malaria-eradication effort. But transmission rates in Africa seemed intractable. After 14 years the WHO gave up. The last time the world tried to eliminate malaria, some scientists lament, the world eliminated malariologists.
疟疾祸害人类千年，盖茨先生最近一个反抗它的对手。公元前2700年中国的文字资料就记载着一些植物能治疗由疟疾引起的发烧的。再往离现在近的时间看，世界卫生组织在1955年展开首次消灭疟疾的行动。但是在非洲，遏制疟疾的传播率似乎非常棘手。14年之后，世卫放弃了。有些科学家慨叹，上一次世界本来试图消灭疟疾，结果被消灭的是疟疾学家。
The new wave of enthusiasm came with the founding of the Roll Back Malaria Partnership in 1998 (to co-ordinate planning), the PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative in 1999 (with money from the Gates Foundation) and the United Nations' Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria in 2002. This culminated in Mr Gates's call to arms four years ago and has helped to lower the number of malaria deaths by 20% over the past decade.
随着1998年"遏制疟疾伙伴关系"(共同测绘)、1999年"疟疾疫苗开发计划"(资金来自盖茨基金会)和2002年联合国全球治疗艾滋病肺结核和疟疾基金的建立，对抗疟疾的新一轮热潮出现了。四年后盖茨振臂一呼，在十年里疟疾死亡率降低了20%，推动抗疟疾的热潮达到顶峰。
More progress will be difficult. The existing tools of insecticide-treated bed nets and treatment drugs require careful co-ordination and good health systems. Eliminating malaria in a stable country is dramatically easier than doing so in a turbulent one. Worryingly, these tools may become less effective. Parasites in South-East Asia, for example, seem to be developing resistance to artemisinin-based treatments. To achieve eradication-or anything close to it-new weapons are needed.
要想获得更多进展非常困难。现有的带有杀虫剂蚊帐和药物治疗要求配合细致和良好的医疗系统。在一个政局稳定的国家消灭疟疾比在政局动荡的国家更容易。比如，东南亚的寄生虫似乎对基于青蒿素的治疗起了抗药性。要想消灭疟疾——或是向这个目标再迈进一大步—就得发展新武器。
RTS,S, developed by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), a British pharmaceutical company, will help. The vaccine tries to stop one type of malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, before it has a chance to wreak havoc. A mosquito's bite delivers malaria to the body. Travelling swiftly to the liver, the parasites hide, mature and multiply before staging a grand second act in the bloodstream, where they invade red blood cells, multiply again, and invade more cells. RTS,S combines a circumsporozoite protein, which exists on the parasite's surface, with a protein from a hepatitis B vaccine. Together, these trigger an immune response which can fight off invading parasites before the second act.
这个新武器就是由英国制药公司葛兰素史克公司(GlaxoSmithKline研制的RTS，S。该疫苗能停止疟疾寄生虫恶性疟原虫的活性，使它不能为非作歹。蚊子叮一口就会把疟疾传到人身上。它传播敏捷，在寄主身上隐藏起来、成熟、繁殖，然后在血液里进行第二个大的行动，入侵红细胞后再次繁殖，接着侵占更多细胞。RTS,S把存在于寄生虫表面的环子孢子蛋白和肝炎B型疫苗里的一种蛋白结合在一起。它们共同作用引发一种免疫反应，在第二次活动前就击退入侵的寄生虫。
GSK tested the vaccine in 6,000 infants across sub-Saharan Africa. It reduced the risk of clinical malaria by 56% and severe malaria by 47%. This efficacy was "on the positive side of what we were expecting," says Christian Loucq of the PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative, GSK's partner on RTS,S.
葛兰素史克公司在撒哈拉以南非洲的6000名婴儿身上测试了这种疫苗。患临床疟疾的风险减少了56%，患严重疟疾的风险减少了47%。葛兰素史克公司在研制RTS.S的搭档"疟疾疫苗开发计划"的Christian Loucq说这种效力"是我们曾期待的积极一面"。
However, more is to come. The trial examined children aged 5-17 months. Results for younger babies will follow. Still uncertain is how long the vaccine's protection lasts. The first year that the vaccine might be used would be 2015, and that is if everything goes as planned. Even then, it is unclear how RTS,S might be deployed. Its price is uncertain and its power limited. "We realise that RTS,S is not the ultimate malaria vaccine," says David Brandling-Bennett of the Gates Foundation. "But it will have some role. The challenge is figuring out what that role is."
然而，更多的试验紧随其后。上面提到的试验测试对象是5-17个月大的婴儿。随后会出炉年龄更小婴儿的结果。这种疫苗的保护能持续多久还不清楚。疫苗投入使用可能会从2015年开始，前提是如果一切按计划进行的话。即使到那时候，还不清楚RTS.S会怎样投放。价格不定，效力也是有限的。"我们认识到RTS.S并非是最好的疟疾疫苗，"盖茨基金会的大卫?布兰丁-博内特这样说，"但是它会起到一些作用。我们的挑战是研究出这种作用是什么。"
Researchers are already working on the next generation of vaccines. GSK hopes to induce a stronger immune response by combining RTS,S with a vaccine from Crucell, another drug firm. Scientists are also keen to develop vaccines that target different kinds of malaria parasites and in different ways-for example, in mosquitoes' guts. All of this work requires further investment at a time when global health programmes must compete fiercely for cash. Mr Gates has helped to spur progress. Sustaining it is the next challenge.
研究者已经开始从事下一代疫苗的开发。葛兰素史克公司希望使用RTS，S和另一家制药公司Crucell的一种疫苗的结合体来引起更强烈的免疫反应。科学家也努力研制针对不同种类疟疾寄生虫和不同感染途径——比如，在蚊子的内脏里——的疫苗。这些工作都需要继续投入资金，而现在正是全球医疗项目必须为资金激烈竞争的时候。盖茨先生已经为推动研究进步做出贡献。如何保持这种势头是下一个挑战。