高考英语阅读理解特训
The rise of the so-called “boomerang generation” is revealed in official figures showing that almost one in five graduates in their late 20s now live with their parents.
By contrast, only one in eight university graduates had failed to fly the nest by the same age 20 years ago. It also found that grown-up sons are twice as likely as their sisters to still be living with their parents in their late 20s. With nearly a quarter of men approaching 30 still living at home, the findings are bound to lead to claims of a “generation of mummy’s boys”.
Young professionals in their late 20s or early 30s have been nicknamed the “boomerang generation” because of the trend toward returning to the family home having initially left to study. Recent research has suggested that young people in Britain are twice as likely to choose to live with their parents in their late 20s than their counterparts elsewhere in Europe.
Rising property prices, mounting student debts and the effects of recession on the job market have forced a wave of young people to move back into the family home at an age when they would normally be moving out. But commentators warned that the phenomenon may have more to do with young people facing “dire” prospects than simply a desire to save money.
While the proportion of those of university or college age moving out from the family home has continued to rise in the last 20 years, among those in their mid and late 20s the trend has been reversed. Overall 1.7 million people aged from 22 to 29 now share a roof with their parents, including more than 760,000 in their late 20s. In 1988, 22.7 per cent of men aged 25 to 29 were still living with their parents but last year the proportion was 24.5 per cent.
1. What is the main idea of the passage?
A. The economic crisis has shown its effect on the young generation.
B. More young professionals are returning home to live.
C. British parents are suffering more loads from their grown-up children.
D. Britain is suffering more than any other country in Europe.
2. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. Male children seem to more independent than females.
B. Eighty percent of university graduates were able to live independently two decades ago.
C. The grown-up children choose to live with their parents only to save money.
D. More and more children are moving out at university age.
3. What does the underlined word “dire” probably mean?
A. promising. B. inconvenient. C. very bad. D. hopeful
4. The following factors may account for the phenomenon except _____.
A. that living prices have risen a lot.
B. that it’s difficult to land a job.
C. that education has already cost them a lot
D. that parents can help them more
参考答案1-4 BDCD
2016高考英语抓分训练：故事阅读理解含答案解析
附录 高考新题型
(2013·高考山东卷) [1]Jean Paul Ge tty was born in 1892 in Minneapolis，Minnesota.He became a millionaire when he was only 24.His father was wealthy，but he did not help his son.Getty made his millions alone.He made his money from oil.He owned Getty Oil and over 100 other companies.The Fortune magazine once called Getty “the richest man in the world”.
[2]But money ________.He married five times and divorced five times.He had five children but spent little time with them.None of Getty’s children had very happy lives.
[3]Getty loved to make money and loved to save it.In_spite_of_his_great_wealth，Getty_was_miser.Every evening，he wrote down every cent he spent that day.He even put pay telephones in the guests’ bedrooms in his house so he could save money on phone bills.
[4]In 1973，kidnappers took his 16yearold grandson，and demanded a large amount of money for his safe return.Getty’s son asked his father for money to save his child.But Getty refused.The kidnappers were merciless and Getty’s son made repeated requests for help from his father.Finally，Getty agreed to lend the money，but at 4 percent interest.
[5]Getty started a museum at his home in Malibu，California.He bought many important and beautiful pieces of art for the museum.When Getty died in 1976，the value of the collection in the museum was $1 billion.He left all his money to the museum.After his death，the museum grew in size.Today it is one of the most important museums in the United States.Getty made a large fortune in his life，but he gave his money to the art world because he wanted people to learn about and love art.
76.What is the main idea of Paragraph 1?(no more than 8 words)
________________________________________________________________________
77.Fill in the blank in Paragraph 2 with proper words.(no more than 7 words)
________________________________________________________________________
78.Explain the underlined sentence in Paragraph 3.
________________________________________________________________________
79.What did the kidnappers do to Getty’s family (no more than 10 words)
________________________________________________________________________
80.What does the author want to tell us about Getty in the last paragraph?(no more than 10 words)
________________________________________________________________________
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。主要介绍了百万富翁Getty的故事。Getty靠石油成为百万富翁。虽然他很有钱，但家庭并不幸福，而且他是个吝啬鬼。有一次绑匪绑架了他的孙子，儿子问他要钱赎人，他还要4%的利息。Getty热爱艺术，很多钱都花在了艺术上面。他成立了博物馆，死后把所有的钱都给了博物馆。他希望人们都了解和热爱艺术。[来源:www.shulihua.net]
76.解析：段落大意题。由第一段中的Getty made his millions alone.He made his money from oil.可知Getty是自己通过开发石油挣了数百万的，因此第一段的主要意思是“Getty靠自己挣了数百万”。
答案： Getty was a selfmade millionaire./Getty became rich through his own efforts.
77.解析：补全信息题。根据空格后的描述，他结了五次婚，离了五次，很少与孩子们待在一起，他的孩子们也不幸福，知空格处表达的是“钱买不来幸福”。
答案：did not buy happiness for Getty
78.解析：句子释意题。根据画线句子前的save it以及其后的描述“把自己花的每分钱都记下来;让客人付电话费”，可知他虽然是一个富有的人，但他是一个吝啬鬼。吝啬鬼就是不舍得花钱的人。可对句中的in spite of 以及miser 进行解释。
答案：Although he was very rich，Getty hated to spend money.
79.解析：封闭性问题。第四段中的内容是关于绑匪绑架了他的孙子并要钱赎人的事，因此在组织答案时要将这件事用一句话表达出来。
答案：They took Getty’s grandson and asked for money.
80.解析：封闭性问题。根据第五段的描述，他建了一个博物馆，买了很多珍贵的艺术品，死后把钱留给了博物馆等，可知作者在最后一段主要说Getty爱好艺术，对艺术做出了很大贡献。本段Getty对艺术的慷慨与前文对他 吝啬的描写形成了对比，因此也可用Getty还有另外的一面来回答。
答案：Getty made a great contribution to the art world./Getty had another side.
(2013·高考天津卷)阅读短文，按照题目要求用英语回答问题。[来源:数理化网]
My name is Clara.I still remember that chilly December day，sitting in science class.I’d finished a worksheet early and picked up a TIME for Kids magazine.A piece of news caught my eye：NASA was holding an essay contest to name its Mars rover (火星探测器).Before I even knew anything else about it，a single word flooded my 11yearold mind：Curiosity.
I couldn’t want for the bell to ring so I could get started on my essay.That afternoon，I raced home，sat down at the computer，and typed until my fingers ached.“Curiosity is an everlasting flame that burns in every one’s mind...”
Five months later，my mom received a phone call，and immediately，a wide smile spread across her face.
On August 5,2012，at 10：31 p.m.，the rover named Curiosity touched down safely on the surface of Mars，and I was honored to have a frontrow seat in NASA.
Curiosity is such an important part of who I am.I have always been fascinated by the stars，the planets，the sky and the universe.I remember as a little girl，my grandmother and I wou ld sit together in the backyard for hours.She’d tell me stories and point out the stars.Grandma lived in China，thousands of miles away from my home in Kansas，but the stars kept us together even when we were apart.They were always there，yet there was so much I didn’t know about them.That’s what I love so much about space.
People often ask me why we go to faraway places like Mares.My answer is simple：because we’re curious.We human beings do not just hole_up in one place.We are constantly wondering and trying to find out what’s over the hill and beyond the horizon.
56.How did Clara get the news about the essay contest?(no more than 10 words)
________________________________________________________________________
57.Why did Clara have a frontrow seat in NASA?(no more than 10 words)
________________________________________________________________________
58.What does Clara remember about the time spent with Grandma?(no more than 15 words)
________________________________________________________________________
59.What does th e underlined phrase “hole up” mean?(1 word)[来源:www.shulihua.net]
________________________________________________________________________
60.In your opinion，why is curiosity important?( no more than 20 words)[来源:www.shulihua.netwww.shulihua.net]
________________________________________________________________________
【语篇解读】 本文是记叙文。作者在美国航空航天局举办的比赛中获奖，并且登上了火星。由此讲述了作者成功是因为好奇。在本文中她通过自己的事例告诉我们好奇重大作用。
56.解析：封闭性问题。从第一段 中的“...picked up a TIME fo r Kids magazine.A piece of news caught my eye...”可以知道，作者是在读TIME of Kids的时候发现了这条新闻。
答案：By reading a TIME for Kids magazine./From a TIME for Kids magazine.
57.解析：封闭性问题。从第三段中的“...a wide smile spread across her face.”以及第四段中的“...I was honored to have a frontrow seat in NASA.”可以知道，作者为火星探测器取的名字被选中了。
答案：She won the essay contest held by NASA./She named the Mars rover“Curiosity”./“Curiosity”was chosen as the name of the Mars rover.
58.解析：封闭性问题。从第五段中的“I remember as a little girl...She’d tell me stories and point out the stars.”可以得出答案。[来源:www.shulihua.netwww.shulihua.net]
答案：She sat together with Grandma listening to her stories about the stars./Her grandma told her stories about the stars./They sat together talking about the stars.
59.解析：词义猜测题。联系下一句“We are constantly wondering and trying to find out...”可知，我们人类总是不断想知道并且尽力去发现未知的地方。由此可推断，人类不是待在原地不动的。
答案：Stay/Remain/Live/Hide.
60.解析：开放性问题。全文讲述了作者因为好奇而为火星探测器的征名投稿并且入选，也是因为好奇，知道了许多宇宙知识，好奇会促使我们不断探索未知世界。
答案：Curiosity is important because it leads to discovery or invention./With curiosity，we keep asking questions and exploring the unknown world./Curiosity drives us through our lives so that we never stop wondering about the things beyond our knowledge.
阅读下面短文并回答问题，然后将答案写到答题卡相应的位置上(请注意问题后的词数要求)。
(2013·高考江西卷)[1]Fishing is probably the world’s most popular sport.People spend many dollars each year on items like boats and fourwheeldrive vehicles.In addition，they spend money on fishing equipment，bait，fuel and boat repairs.And you can see that fishing can be an expensive pastime.Fishing lovers believe that their hobby is worth it.Others say that fishing is spoiling the environment and that it is a cruel hobby.
[2]Supporters of fishing say that it is a nice hobby.Firstly，of the mill ions of people who fish for fun，most only catch enough fish to feed their families.They catch fish that are found in large numbers，so there is little danger to the species (种类).
[3]Secondly，recreational fishermen contribute to the economy.They spend money on equipment and other items，and they also spend it indirectly by paying taxes on their equipment and fuel.Those who travel to fishing spots pay for accommodation (食宿) and airfares.This money keeps people in work and provides new jobs each year.
[4]Thirdly，fishing is relaxing and fun so it lessens stress.Instead of turning to drugs or alcohol，it is far better to go fishing.People who are relaxed are generally healthier and much nicer to be near—except for the smell of the bait!
[5]Those who________say that there are too many fish thoughtlessly taken from rivers，lakes，streams and oceans.This could lead to the dying out of some species.Modern cars and boats mean that people can fish in remote areas of the world，so no place is safe from greedy fishermen who take both males and females，leaving few fish to produce young.
[6]Those against fishing also say that it is a blood sport，which means that an animal must die so that a human can have fun.Many of the fish caught for sport are not suitable for eating，so they are thrown away.Once hooked，fish have no chance of escape.
76.What is the main idea of the passage?(no more than 4 words)
________________________________________________________________________
77.According to Paragraph 2，why does fishing cause little danger to the species?(no more than 8 words)
________________________________________________________________________
78.List 4 items on which people spend their money for fishing.(no more than 7 words)
________________________________________________________________________
79.Fill in the blank in Paragraph 5 with proper words.(no more than 4 words)
Those who____________say that there are too many fish thoughtlessly taken from rivers，lakes，streams and oceans.
80.What does the word “which”(Line 1，Paragraph 6) probably refer to?(no more than 3 words)
________________________________________________________________________
【语篇解读】 本文为议论文。文章主要就钓鱼是否是一个好的爱好展开议论，并分别论述了支持者以及反对者的观点。
76.解析：主旨大意题。纵观全文尤其是第一段中的最后两句“Fishing lovers believe that their hobby is worth it.Others say that fishing is spoiling the environment and that it is a cruel hobby.”可知，本文主要讲述了对钓鱼这一爱好不同人的不同看法。
答案：Different views on fishing.
77.解析：封闭性问题。由第二段中的最后一句“They catch fish that are found in large numbers，so there is little danger to the species(种类).”可知答案。
答案：Fishing lovers catch fish found in large numbers.
78.解析：封闭性问题。由第一段中的第二、三句“People spend many dollars each year on items like boats and fourwheeldrive vehicles.In addition，they spend money on fishing equipment，bait，fuel and boat repairs.”及第三段中的倒数第二句“Those who travel to fishing spots pay for accommodation(食宿)and airfares.”可知答案。
答案：boats，vehicles，fishing equipment，bait，fuel，boat repairs，accommodation and airfares(列出其中四项即可)
79.解析：补全信息题。根据设空处后面的内容可知这些是不同意钓鱼是好的爱好的人的观点。
答案：disagree with fishing(are against fishing)
80.解析：词义指代题。由画线词所在句“Those against fishing also say that it is a blood spor t，which means that an animal must die so that a human can have fun.”可知，which在此引导定语从句，代替a blood sport在从句 中作主语。
答案：A blood sport.
高考英语阅读理解：命题特点及解题思路
高考英语阅读理解的命题特点及解题思路：阅读理解是高考中占比重最大的题型，旨在考查学生语篇理解的能力。本文拟就此略作探讨。
阅读理解是高考中占比重最大的题型，旨在考查学生语篇理解的能力。要想让学生取得好成绩，作为教师，除了要认真研究考试说明外，还要正确地指导学生研究、分析阅读理解题的命题特点，从而理顺解题思路，使学生在考试中发挥出高水平。本文拟就此略作探讨。
一、阅读理解考查的能力
1．理解事实、辨认细节的能力。
2．理解主旨大意、综合事实的能力。
3．理解字面意思、表层含义以及深层含义的能力。
4．猜测词义的能力。
因此，我们要让学生学会判断题目所属的类型以及它们常见的形式，掌握每种类型的解题方法，理顺思路，这样才能有利于他们在训练中及时反馈，提高解题的针对性，真正提高解题的能力。
二、阅读理解题的构成
高考的阅读理解题一般由三部分构成：原文、题目和选项(一个正确项与三个非正确项)。阅读理解试题是通过一定的文章内容，针对高考对考生能力测试的要求设计题干和选项的，因此，考生只有弄清楚以上几者之间的相互关系才能真正解决问题。考生要通过题干的桥梁作用，从选项中找出与原文意义完全相符的一项。尤其是细节题，命题者比较喜欢采用同义、近义复述或重复的方法来设计阅读理解题的正确答案，即选项与原文的意思相同，只不过表达不一样罢了。可见，阅读理解的语言解码关键在于解读试卷中不同的语言表达。而像推理题等考查深层含义的试题主要考查考生的思维模式是否与作者写作时的思维相吻合。实际上，作者是按照一定的思维模式去写作的，而命题者则根据作者的写作语言特点和高考测试能力的要求来设置试题的题干和选项 考生要以原文语言为依据，尽可能利用文章中的有用信息，使自己的思路与作者写作时的思路相吻合。
因此，要想做好阅读理解题，必须让学生学会合理地处理好题干、选项与原文的关系。若题于是细节题，不妨采取以下步骤：(1)确定题目关键词，也就是明确出题点。(2)查找文章对应处，寻找题目关键词的对应词(一般是同义词或近义词)，因为对应词周围就是前后测试点，找到对应词也就找到了解题的依据。(3)回到题目，逐一核对选项，挑出与出题点内容一致的选项，即答案。对于深层理解题，由于不能直接从文章中获得答案，因此第(2)个步骤应该改为跳读文章，从文章诸多的信息中梳理出最有用的信息。如果考生的思路与文章作者相一致，就很容易把握文章的主旨大意、结构脉络，作者的语气态度，人物的性格特征等等，顺利解题也就水到渠成了。
三、正确选项与干扰选项之间的关系分析
许多基础不错的学生在做阅读理解题时都有这样的感觉：文章并不难读得懂，也能找到解题的依据，但正确率并不高。究其原因，是因为有些阅读理解题，特别是高考阅读试题干扰项的编制水平非常高，命题者深知干扰项只有涉及语篇内容才能发现。干扰项往往与原文某几个词或语句形式、结构上很相似；有些干扰项似乎合情合理，从意义上一时难以区分，在视觉和思维的双重干扰下，由于考生对阅读理解的命题规律一无所知，往往会落人命题者设置的“陷阱”。因此，教师要指导学生分析、研究阅读理解题的选项，把握其命题和解题规律，理顺解题思路，这样才能提高解题的正确率。可以说，逐一核对选项、排除干扰项的过程是不可缺少的，常用的方法如下：
1．正与误
看干扰项与文章的内容是否矛盾，有明显矛盾的可轻松排除，这时正确选项与干扰项之间为正与误的关系。还要特别注意以下几种常见的干扰项设置形式：f1)干扰项是以假乱真、无中生有类的错误。此类干扰项出现频率较高，也较易排除。命题者常用文章中出现的一些词或某个句子结构来伪造信息。
(2)干扰项是张冠李戴、偷换概念的错误，即把文章里A的情况说成是B的情况。有时，命题者把文章中作者的观点与他人的观点混淆起来，问的是作者的观点，选项中出现的却是他人的观点；或问的是文章中他人的观点，却把作者的观点放到选项中去。
(3)干扰项是扩大或缩小范围的错误。也就是说，在选项里增加或减少其修饰成分，使得选项的意义过分扩大或缩小，从而产生偏差。
2．虚与实
假如干扰项与文章的内容不矛盾，看上去似乎有一定的道理。这时干扰项与正确答案为虚与实的关系，就要看干扰项在原文中有无相关的信息支持点，有没有文字依据。有些看起来似乎合情合理但脱离原文的干扰项，充其量只是“似是而非”。
3．偏与正
如干扰项与文章的内容相符，而且在文章中可找到依据，这时干扰项之所以不成立是因为客观存在在某种程度上偏离了题目的要求，它与最佳答案之间成了偏与正的关系。这种“以偏概全”类的错误在概括题与推理题中出现得特别多，难度也最大。产生这类错误的原因是考生受思维定势的影响或考虑不周，由事物局部得出关于事物整体的结论，即通常所说的“以点代面”。常见的有：主与次的混淆以及绝对与相对的混淆等，其具体表现经常是合理关联与不合理关联、准确概括与不准确概括之间的错位，即考生的思维未能与作者的思维相一致，造成理解偏差。排除干扰项是解题中颇为关键的环节。我们可以遵循这样的三级思考过程：
(1)如干扰项明显与文章相矛盾的，可直接排除，这时只要我们认真、细致地把选项与原文对号入座，“以假乱真”类的错误就逃不出我们的法眼。
(2)如干扰项与文章的内容不矛盾，但在原文中没有依据的，这种脱离原文的“虚”的选项也可排除。
(3)如干扰项似乎很有道理，文中也可以找到相关的文字依据，但发现它未能完全满足题目的要求，未能以文章的主题、作者的思维模式作为出发点，未能充分体现它的严谨性和最大的合理性，这种即使不错、但不是最佳答案的“偏”的选项也可以排除。只要我们对选项经过“是否矛盾?”(误否?)“是否有依据?”(虚否?)“是否以偏概全?”(偏否?)的逐级思考过程来分析甄别每一个选项，那么解题的正确率就会得到很大提高。正确利用“排除法”，排除了其中三项而剩下的一项无疑就是正确答案。
总之，要想在高考阅读理解这个题型上取得好成绩，考生除了要花大力气提高自己的语言基本功，如熟识考纲中的词汇、词组及习语搭配，掌握必要的语法知识之外，还要多阅读、多做题，尽可能扩充自己的生活经验和文化背景知识。更重要的是，作为老师，应指导学生认真分析高考阅读理解的命题特点，让他们掌握一定的命题规律和解题思路，并由此养成良好的阅读、解题习惯。只有当学生具备了一定的批判性思考及分析的能力，他们的阅读和解题能力才能得到真正的提高，才能在高考阅读理解测试中立于不败之地。
高考英语阅读理解题的特点及解题技巧
一、阅读理解题的选材与命题特点
近几年的高考英语试卷保持了“稳中有变，变中求新，立足语篇”的基本命题思路。在阅读理解方面主要考查考生理解主旨要义、理解文中具体信息、根据上下文推断词义、根据短文判断和推理、理解文章的基本结构以及理解作者的意图与态度等方面的能力。现以近几年高考全国卷I为例，谈谈阅读理解题的选材及命题特点。
1. 对语篇领悟能力的检测仍是高考的重点和基本点
高考英语阅读理解着重检测考生对语篇的整体把握能力、根据所提供的语境进行语篇分析的'能力以及综合利用有效信息解决实际问题的能力。在近几年的高考中，涉及较低能力要求的事实性和细节性考题的比例虽呈上升趋势，但词义猜测、推理判断和主旨概括等深层次试题仍占很大比重。
2. 选材更趋多样化、现代化和生活化，突显语言与文化相结合的特点
就体裁而言，阅读材料所选择的文段涉及叙述体、论说体和应用体等多种文体;选材风格保静予连续性，既注重题材的多样化、现代化和生活化，又较为综合地反映了政治、经济、文化和生活的各个方面，贴近生活，贴近时代，体现了“语言是文化的载体”这一重要理念。
3. 适当降低读速及难度要求，提高试题的信息含量，体现新课程的理念
近几年阅读理解题的阅读量总体呈回落趋势，比如，2006年全国卷I的读速略有降低，但近年来阅读速率要求均在50—57wpm之间;难度系数适当降低，注重考查考生获取、分辨、整合、加工和表述信息的能力。
4. 阅读材料更趋于“原汁原味”，设问方式更加深入
阅读材料基本保留了其原有的语言风格，文章的展开不再是平铺直叙，而是兼有倒叙、插叙等多种方式;一词多义、熟词生义、多种时态的混用、结构复杂的长句、省略句以及插入语等语言现象比较常见。阅读材料的文化含量加大，文章的行文风格更具英语语言的特点，文章的遣词造句也更加地道，许多考生通常要反复阅读几遍才能读懂。
二、阅读理解题答案与干扰项关系的分析
正确的选项往往是命题人员把阅读材料的内容或信息用不同的语言形式再现出来。一般而言，答案项的设置有以下几种方法：(1) 选用原文中的词句;(2) 使用原文词句的同义词或相似结构;(3) 使用原文词句的反义词或相反结构;(4) 答案项是对生词、长句或难旬的解释;(5) 答案项是对原文词句或段落的归纳、
推理或演绎;(6) 使用原文的上下义结构，如用“科学”涵盖“计算机、航天、发明、电子”等概念。
干扰项的设置通常有以下几种方式：
1. 张冠李戴
命题者把文章作者的观点与他人的观点混淆起来，题干问的是作者的观点，选项中出现的却是他人的观点;或者题干问的是他人的观点，却把作者的观点放到选项中去。
以2006年全国卷I第60题“The author planned to stop at Oklahoma City______.”为例。此题乍看C项“to pay at the cash register”和D项“to have more gas for his car”都对，因为原文中有这么一句“While I Was standing in line at the cash register，I said hello to an older couple who were also paying for gas”。很明显作者是停下来付款加油时，偶遇一对老夫妇并问好，似乎选项C和D本身都没错，但题干问的是“作者计划在俄克拉荷马市逗留的原因”，如果考生没有理解题干，就会误选C项或D项。正确选项应为A项“to visit a friend”。
2. 偷梁换柱
干扰项用了与原文相似的句型结构和大部分相似的词汇，却在不易引人注意的地方换了几个词汇，造成句意的改变。
以2006年全国卷I第57题“It can be inferred that greyhounds_______. ”为例。此题乍看应选B项“like staying in bed all day”，因为原文中有这么一句“especially they would much rather be at home in bed than walking around outside”. 殊不知选项中加了“all day”，使意思绝对化了。正确选项应为D项“need some exercise outdoors”。考生若注意不到此细节的变化，势必造成失分。
3. 无中生有
干扰项往往是生活的基本常识和普遍接受的观点，但在原文中并无相关的信息支持点，这种选项的设置往往与问题的设问毫不相干。
以2006年全国卷Ⅰ第67题“We may infer from the last two paragraphs that______. ”为例。干扰项C项“English courses are necessary for foreign students”就是这种情况，而正确答案应为A项“different teaching methods should be used”。解答这类考题时考生还应注意问题中有无“In the author’s opinion”或“According to the passage”之类的限定语。
4. 以偏概全
考生在做猜测文章中心思想、给文章添加标题或判断推理题时，往往会犯以偏概全的错误。产生这类错误的原因是考生受思维定势的影响或考虑不周，以局部代替整体。其具体表现为合理关联与不合理关联、准确概括与不准确概括之间的错位。
不合理关联就是表层理解与深层理解相混淆。表层理解是对文章中客观事实的感知和记忆，往往是文章直接表述的结论;深层理解则是对文章中的客观事实进行逻辑推理、总结或概括后得出的结论。
例如，2006年北京卷第73题“What did Loftus find out from her research?”的正确答案为B项“People Can be led to believe in something false.”。而误选C项“People tend to forget their childhood experiences. ”的考生显然是根据文中“it came up with an account of their early childhood experiences… The researchers then changed this detail into a manufactured memory through leading questions”的信息得出的，但它只不过是表层信息，其对原文信息的转述并不全面。
不准确概括是指不能准确地按题目要求概括或提取文中的表层或深层信息。
例如，2006年全国卷I第69题“What is the text mainly about______.”的正确答案为D项“Life after retirement”。干扰项A项“Learning to paint in later life”与C项“An artist turned teacher”极具迷惑性，但它们只是文章中的某个细节信息。考生如果不清楚细节信息与短文主题之间的关系，就容易犯概括不准确的错误。
三、阅读理解题的解题思路与技巧
解答阅读理解题的总体思路是：单句人手。语篇突破，着眼整体，归纳推断。一般有以下两种阅读顺序(P=Passage，Q=Question)：
(1) P—Q—P：即先看文章，后看问题，再通过阅读文章来解答问题。这是考生常用的按部就班的阅读方式。其特点是有利于考生把握文章的主旨和作者的态度。但采用这种阅读方式的考生往往阅读速度较慢，因此难以在阅读时积极主动地预测文章内容。
(2) Q—P—Q：即先将问题看一遍，然后带着问题去阅读文章，最后答题。其特点是针对性强，节省答题时间，比较适用于解答事实性和细节性的问题，但是解答主旨性和推断性问题的效果不明显。
P—Q—P方式或Q—P—Q方式的采用因人而异，无优劣之分。当然，题型不同，解题的方法也应有所不同。
常用的解题技巧有以下几种：
1. 正选法与排除法
正选法即根据所读材料内容从正面选择最佳答案。如果在有些情况下从正面选择答案有困难，考生则可以考虑选用排除法，即排除四个选项中的三个错误选项，那么剩下的选项即为正确答案。排除法是解答阅读理解题的常用方法，对于那些不合情理或荒谬的选项、与短文内容相反的选项、与短文内容不相关的选项、虽在短文中出现但答非所问的选项，以及不是问题的主要因素的选项等，都可以采用排除法。
考生可以遵循如下“三级思考”的方法排除干扰项：
(1) 如果干扰项明显与文章相矛盾，即为“误”，可以直接排除。
(2) 如果干扰项与文章内容不矛盾，但在原文中没有依据，这种脱离原文的“虚”的选项也可以排除。
(3)有些干扰项似乎很有道理，文中也能找到相关的依据，但它并不能完全满足题目的要求，未能以文章的主题、作者的思维模式为出发点，未能充分体现严谨性和最大的合理性，这种虽没错但不是最佳答案的“偏”选项也可以排除。
只要考生经过“是否矛盾? (误否) ——是否有依据? (虚否?) ——是否以偏概全 (偏否?)”的逐级思考过程来分析和甄别每一个选项，那么解题的正确率就会得以提高。正确的答案应该是与原文意义一致的选项，或是经过“三级思考”仍不能排除的选项。请看2006年广东卷第64题：
Which of the following is true about the working class?
A. They are often employed as skilled and semi-skilled workers.
B. They are often offered jobs with high incomes.
C. They are often considered lazy and dishonest.
D. They are often exploited by the public.
此题为事实细节题，可以采用排除法。由文章第一段第一、二句 “Members of the working class have blue-collar jobs. They are construction workers, truck drivers, mechanics, steel workers, electricians, and the like.” 可知，蓝领阶层的薪水不高这个事实，据此先排除B项;由第一段最后一句“They consider themselves to be respectable and hard working and they look down upon members of the ‘lower’ class, whom they often consider to be lazy, dishonest, and too ready to exploit public assistance.”可知，蓝领阶层是受人尊敬的、勤劳的群体，他们看不起那些懒惰、欺诈别人、依靠别人捐款生活的阶层，故排除C、D两项，正确答案为A项。
2. 定位法与跳读法
定位法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息直接从原文中找到相应的句子(即定位)，然后进行比较和分析(尤其要注意一些同义转换)，从而找出正确答案。跳读法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息跳读原文，并找到相关的句子(有时可能是几个句子)或段落，然后进行分析和推理等，从而找出正确答案。请看2006年湖南卷第71题：
…When she was still in her early 30s, publishing essays in such important magazines as Partisan Review, she appeared as the symbol of American cultural life, trying hard to follow every new development in literature, film and art. With great effort and serious judgment, Sontag walked at the latest edges of world culture.
The underlined sentence in Paragraph 1 means Sontag _____________.
A. was a symbol of American cultural life
B. developed world literature，film and art
C. published many essays about world culture
D. kept pace with the newest development of world culture
解答本题可以用定位法。与题干意思相近的句子是上一句“she appeared as the symbol of American cultural life，trying hard to follow every new development in literature, film and art”。许多考生误选了A项，他们忽略了原文中出现的“appeared as”，意为“似乎，好像”，增加了句意的不确定性。故D项为最佳答案。
3. 画图与列表法
画图法就是以时间、地点、事件或因果等为线索，找出关键词语，勾画出一幅完整、清晰的关于文章主题和细节的图示的方法。请看2006年浙江卷第48题：
How is the text organized?
A. In order of time. B. In order of frequency.
C. In order of preference. D. In order of importance.
在解答此题时考生只要列一个表 (见下表)，按短文叙事的顺序展开故事发展的过程，正确答案就会一目了然。
Paragraph 1 Paragraph 2 Paragraph 3 Paragraph 4
look into the mirror have breakfast prepare children’s trip to space drive the car to work
另外，有些文章的信息点可能较为分散，涉及的内容比较多，此时考生若能恰当运用列
表的方法也会将难题化解。请看2006年安徽卷第61题：
What Elizabeth Taylor and Velvet Brown had in common was that they were both________.
A. popular all their fives B. famous actresses
C. successful when very young D. rich and kind-hearted
根据文章内容，考生可以列出以下四个相同的信息点(见下表)：
Information 1 When she started in National Velvet–the story of Velvet Brown, a young girl who wins first place in a famous home race. (短文首句)
Information 2 Her acting in National Velvet is still considered the best by a child actress. (第一段末句)
Information 3 After her success as a child star, Taylor had no trouble moving into adult roles and won twice for Best Actress. (第二段)
Information 4 Like Velvet Brown in National Velvet, she has been lucky: she has beauty, fame and wealth. (末段第二句)
Conclusion They were both successful when very young.
通过此表，考生可以清楚地得出本题的答案为C项。
4. 概括法与推理法
概括法指根据所读材料概括文章主题、要点、标题和中心思想等;而推理法则指根据所读材料的字面意思，通过语篇的逻辑关系以及各个细节的信息和暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意，悟出作者的言外之意和弦外之音。考生在运用推理法时首先要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索;然后再对文字的表面信息进行挖掘和加工，由表及里，由浅人深，从具体到抽象，从特殊到一般，通过分析、综合和判断等思维活动对文章进行深层处理以及合乎逻辑的推理。此时切忌就事论事、以偏概全，也不能主观臆想、随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。请看2006年浙江卷第55题：
According to White, why were the women surveyed more likely to use old computers?
A. Most office workers use old computers.
B. They do some of their work with computers.
C. Dealing with new equipment can cause anxiety.
D. They are easier to be satisfied with new technology.
文章最后两段提到，接受调查的三个国家的妇女更有可能使用旧电脑，而英国比法国和德国使用up—to-date computers的人更多，最后一段分析了其中的原因“continually having to deal with new technology can also be a source of worry…the frequent change of equipment is also, or could be，a main cause of dissatisfaction”。由此可以推断，不断更新的技术也会使人产生焦虑，导致负面情绪的产生，所以被调查的妇女更喜欢使用旧电脑。
5. 常识法与背景法
常识法是考生利用已有的常识进行识别和判断的方法。背景法与常识法相似，指考生充分运用所读材料的信息答题。请看2006年安徽卷第69题：
To cover a small piece of burning wood with a basin in order to stop the fire is all example of____________.
A. separating the fire B. reducing the heat
C. removing the fuel D. cutting off the oxygen
本题为一道常识题，考生根据自己学过的化学知识可知，燃烧要具备三要素：可燃物、氧气和温度，这有助于理解第二段首句“Since fuel, oxygen and heat must be present in order for fire to exist, one or more of these things must be removed or reduced to extinguish a fire”的意思;另外，通过第三段内容“Another method of extinguishing fire is by cutting off the oxygen. This is usually done by covering the fire with sand, steam or some other things.”可以推断出：用cover的方法来灭火属于cutting off the oxygen的范畴。
四、备考建议
1. 理解与速度
考生要处理好理解与速度的关系。答题时要力求情绪平稳，不要一味追求速度而影响理解的准确性;不要拘泥于一词一句的理解;不要遇到不懂的地方就反复读，影响阅读速度。比较好的阅读方法是边看边想边理解。遇到生词或看不懂的地方先做个记号，继续看下去，因为一些疑难点往往会在下文中得到解决。
关于阅读速度，难度中等的文章应为每分钟60个单词左右;难度较低、生词不超过总词汇量20%的材料，阅读速度应为每分钟70个单词左右。一般来说，“超纲”而又影响阅读理解的词汇都会用中文标出词义。只有保证了阅读的速度才有可能在规定时间内完成阅读、复读及答题的任务。
2. 阅读训练方式
在训练方式方面要力求多样化。常见的阅读训练方式有：掠读、寻读、精读和泛读等。在掠读、寻读时要掌握查阅的技巧。查阅时考生应迅速找到某一特定信息在短文中的位置，并以这个位置为中心，扩展到上文和下文，寻求正确答案。考生要学会用扫视的方法寻找信息。扫视时，眼睛要纵向而不是横向移动。运用扫视来扩大视觉范围能帮助考生又快又准确地捕捉到想要查找的信息。
考生应根据阅读目的选择阅读方式，调整阅读速度，合理分配阅读时间。
3. 生词处理
考生在阅读时一定会碰上生词或记不清楚的词汇。遇到这种情况时，考生可以通过上下文猜测词义。具体方法如下：
(1) 根据生词前后词汇的意思或整个句子的意思来猜测生词。例如：
The old man put on his spectacles and began to read.
根据句子后部分began to read可以猜出spectacle的意思为‘“眼镜”。
(2)根据语法知识和标点符号来猜测生词。例如：
They will be on the night shift—from midnight to 6 a. m. —next week.
此句两个破折号之间的部分表明night shift是“夜班”的意思。
(3) 根据说明词义的定语从句来猜测生词。例如：
The type of meter is called multi-meter, which is used to measure electricity.
从上句中的定语从句可以推断出multi-meter是“万能表”的意思。
(4) 根据已知事实细节来猜测生词。例如：
The family had just moved and the young woman was feeling a little melancholy on that Sunday in May. After all, it was Mother’s day and 800 miles separated her from her parents in another state far away.
根据上下文的陈述，“刚刚搬家，远离父母，正好是星期天，又是母亲节，而两代人却天各一方”等事实，可以推断出年轻妻子当时忧郁、伤感的心情，并由此猜测出生词melancholy的意思。
(5) 学会只猜测生词的大概意思，而不必追求其准确含义。例如：
The Asian gibbon, like other apes, is especially adapted for life in trees.
在这句话中，考生只要猜出自gibbon是apes (类人猿) 的一种就行了，毋须知道其准确意思。
(6) 运用构词法判断生词的词义，也是提高阅读速度的一种技巧。考生可以通过已知的
词缀(包括前缀和后缀)和词根就能猜测生词的含义。例如，单词telescope由前缀tele (意思是far)和scope (意思是instrument for seeing or observing)构成，整个单词的意思是“望远镜”。为了熟练使用构词法知识猜测生词，考生在平时应多积累词缀以及词根方面的知识。
4. 利用信号词进行预测和推测
在阅读过程中，为了既迅速又准确地理解文章的含义，利用信号词预测非常重要。信号词可以揭示句子内在关系或文章各部分之间的关系(见下表)。特别是在快速阅读时，它能帮助考生预测文章信息，提高阅读速度。
部分信号词及其所预示的信息
信号词 预示的信息
however, on the contrary, although等 信号词引出的内容是与上文相反的论述，或作者不同的观点
similarly, equally, also, besides, furthermore, in other words等 下文与前面所讲内容相同或相似
for example, for instance等 具体例证，说明上文中的论点
for one thing, on the other hand等 下文还有另外一方面
in a word, in short等 后面的句子是对上文的总结
actually, in fact, the point is …, a study survey found/ showed/proved that …等后面的句子往往是作者想要表达和强调的内容或观点
此外，在利用信号词进行预测时，考生还需注意以下三点：
(1) 遇到预示前后内容相同或相近，或者补充说明的信号词时，可以适当加快阅读速度，或借此推测生词的词义。
(2) 文中出现的频率较高的实词可以帮助考生确定文章的主旨大意。
(3) 出现代词I, we, my, our, 转折词but, however, yet，情态动词must, should, ought to, 连词although, though。其后所述内容与刚提到的内容相反，或暗示作者的观点和态度等信号词时，要放慢阅读速度，因为其附近的信息往往是命题和答题的主要线索或依据。
2016年高考英语阅读理解10篇强化训练4
When talking about French literature, Guy de Maupassant (1850-1893) is often the first name that comes to mind for Chinese readers.
The master of short story-telling was brought in Normandy(诺曼底) in northwest France. In 1869, he went to study law in Pairs but one year later, aged 20, he volunteered to serve in the army during the Franco-Prussian War(普法战争).
Returning to Pairs in 1871，Maupassant worked as a civil servant for eight years. His rich experience offered good subject matter for his writing. And he learned a lot through spending time with other French literary masters such as Gustave Flaubert. By 1880, Maupassant had established himself in the literary world with his first short story, “Ball of Fat”.
Over the course of his life, he wrote 300 short stories and six novels, using sad tales of Norman peasant life, the Franco-Prussian War and the fashionable life of Pairs as his subject matter.
He presents his characters in a simple and objective way, describing them as unhappy victims(牺牲品) of their greed(贪婪), desire or vanity(虚荣).
During his final years of life, Maupassant suffered from mental illness. He died in 1893 at the age of 43.
13. Which of the following works made Maupassant establish himself in the literary world_______?
A. Pierre and Jean B. Ball of Pat C. The heritage D. The Necklace
14. which of the following did Maupassant use as his subject matter?
A. sad tales of Norman peasant life
B. the Franco-Prussian War
C. the fashionable life of Pairs
D. all of the above
15. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?
A. Maupassant died of canner at the age of 43.
B. Maupassant' s works based on the happy tales of Norman peasant life.
C. Maupassant presents his characters in a simple and subjective way.
D. Maupassant wrote 300 short stories and six novels in his life.
16. Choose the right answer according to the time order.
A. served in the army during the Franco-Prussian War
B. went to study law in Pairs
C. worked as a civil servant
D. Returned to Pairs
E. established himself in the literary world
A. a-b-c-d-e B. b-d-e-c-a C. b-a-d- c -e D. b-a-e-d-c
答案与详解：
13. B 事实细节题。根据第3段末句 Maupassant had established himself in the literary world with his first short story, “Ball of Fat” 可知答案。
14. D 推理判断题。根据倒数第3段 …using sad tales of Norman peasant life, the Franco-Prussian War and the fashionable life of Pairs as his subject matter 可知答案。
15. D 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段 During his final years of life, Maupassant suffered from mental illness. He died in 1893 at the age of 43 排除 A；根据倒数第3段中的 using sad tales of Norman peasant life 排除 B；He presents his characters in a simple and objective way 排除 C；故答案为 D。
16. C 推理判断题。第2段中的 he went to study law in Pairs 可知 b 在1869；根据本段中的one year later, aged 20, he volunteered to serve in the army during the Franco-Prussian War 可知 a 在1870；根据第3段首句 Returning to Pairs in 1871, Maupassant worked as a civil servant for eight years 可知 c 在 1871 且 c 在 d 后；根据第3段末句 By 1880, Maupassant had established himself in the literary world 可知 e 在 1880。按时间顺序可知答案为 C。
2016年中考英语阅读理解考前强化训练4
（7）
Mr Brown was going away for a week. Before he left, he said to his son, "if anyone asks for me, you can tell him that your father has been out for doing something, and will be back in a week, then be sure to ask him to sit down for a cup of tea."
"OK, Dad," said his son. But he was afraid his son couldn't remember this, he wrote these words down on a piece of paper and gave it to him. His son put it into his small pocket, took it out and looked at it every now and then.
Four days passed, but no one came to see his father. The boy thought that there was no man to come and that the piece of paper was of no more use for him, so he burnt it that evening.
The next afternoon, someone knocked at the door. The boy opened it. A man was standing at the door and said, "Where is your father?" The boy put his hand into his pocket at once and looked for the piece of paper. He could not find it. He suddenly remembered he had burnt it, so he shouted, "No more."
The man was very surprised. He asked, "No more? I met your father last week. When did it happen?"
"Burnt yesterday evening."
1. Mr Brown told his son that _____.
A. he would be away from home for four days
B. he would be back in seven days
C. he would be back in a month
D. he liked a cup of tea
2. Mr Brown wrote the words down on ________.
A. the wall B. the door
C. a piece of paper D. his son's pocket
3. A man came to visit the boy's father on ________.
A. the second day B. the third day C. the fourth day D. the fifth day
4. The man was very surprised because _________.
A. he thought the child's father was dead
B. the child didn't ask him to sit down
C. the child gave him a cup of tea
D. he couldn't find that piece of paper
5. What was burnt? ___________.
A. The piece of paper B. Mr Smith C. The visitor D. The boy
KEY: BCDAA
（8）
One of the things to be learnt in a foreign language is guessing all the time what kind of thing to come when listening to someone talking. People do this all the time in their own language, so it is necessary (必要的) to do this in a foreign language, too. Here are some examples.
1. "What's the matter？" "I went to a party last night, so I…"
2. "I feel so tired these days."" I think you'd better…"
3."Of course, she never stops talking. She is one of the most…"
You can see from the above three examples that the context (上下文) helps a lot in understanding what is being talked about. So "guessing "is very important in understanding English, especially (尤其)spoken English.
1.This passage tells us mainly about _________.
A. the importance of "guessing " in learning a foreign language
B. how to guess what one is going to talk about
C. some examples of right guessing
D. how important it is to guess all the time
2.from the context, we can see maybe the finished answer in EXAMPLE I is _________.
A. "… so I didn't have a good time." B. "…so I went to bed very late."
C. "…. So I felt unhappy." D. "… so I got up very early."
3. Maybe the finished answer in EXAMPLE 2 is ________.
A. "I think you'd better have a good rest and take good care of yourself."
B. "I think you'd better have something to drink."
C. "I think you'd better get some help from your friends."
D. "I think you'd better be more careful."
4. Maybe the finished answer in EXAMPLE 3 is ______.
A. "… she is one of the most famous film stars."
B. "…she is one of the most beautiful women."
C. "… she is one of the most famous speakers."
D. " .. she is one of the most talkative women."
5. From the passage we can infer (推断) that guessing is _______in learning a foreign language.
A. the only way
B. more important in spoken English than in written English
C. more important than any other way
D. more important in written English than in spoken English
KEY: ABADB
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